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The Zaporozhian Sich ((ポーランド語:Sicz Zaporoska); (ロシア語:Запорожская Сечь); , ''Zaporoz'ka Sich'') was a semi-autonomous Cossacks' polity in the 16th-18th centuries, centred in the region around today's Kakhovka Reservoir spanning across the lower Dnieper river. In different periods, the area was under the sovereignty of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Ottoman Empire, the Tsardom of Russia, and the Russian Empire. In 1775, shortly after Russia annexed the territories ceded to it by the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774), the Sich was disbanded and incorporated into the Russian province of Novorossiya. Zaporozhian Sich is said to have started from a fortress built on the Khortytsia island in the middle of the Dnieper River in the present-day Zaporozhia region of what is now Ukraine. The term "Zaporozhian Sich" can also refer metonymically and informally to the whole military-administrative organisation of the Zaporozhian Cossack Host. The history of Zaporozhian Sich comprises six periods of time: * the emergence of Sich (1471—1583) * as part of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown by inclusion in the Kiev Voivodeship (1583–1657) * the struggle against the Rzeczpospolita (the Polish State,), the Ottoman Empire, and the Crimea Khanate for the independence of the Ukrainian part of the Rzeczpospolita (Commonwealth) (1657—1686) * the struggle with Crimea, the Ottoman Empire, and the Russian Empire for the unique identity of Cossacks (1686—1709) * the creation of the Danubian Sich outside the Russian Empire and finding ways to return home (1775 - 1828) * the standoff with the Russian government during its attempts to cancel the self-governing of Sich, and its fall (1734—1775) == Origins == The term "sich" is a noun related to the Russian verb ''sech′'' (сѣчь) – "to chop" or "cut"; it may have been associated with the usual wood sharp-spiked stockades around Cossack settlements. Prince Dmitri Vishnevetski established the first Zaporizhian Sich on the island of Small (Mala) Khortytsia in 1552, building a fortress at ''Niz Dnieprovsky'' (Lower Dnieper) and placing a Cossack garrison there. In 1558, however, Tatar forces destroyed that fortress. Soon another sich was created on the now-flooded island of Tomakovka as a fortified encampment 40 miles south, near the modern city of Marhanets. Tatars also razed that sich (1593). With the destruction of Tomakovska Sich, the third Sich was created on the Bazavluk island in 1593 that today is flooded as well. It survived until 1638, when a Polish expeditionary force destroyed it while suppressing a Cossack uprising. Another sich, first mentioned in 1628, stood at Nikitin Rog, near the present-day city of Nikopol. From here Bohdan Khmelnytsky's uprising began in 1648. Chertomlykska Sich was liquidated after the Battle of Poltava (1709). Then another sich was built at the mouth of the Kamianets river, which also was destroyed by Russian Empire government in 1711. The Cossacks then fled to the Crimean Khanate to avoid persecution and founded the Oleshky Sich in 1711 (today it is the city of Tsuryupinsk). In 1734, however, they were allowed to return to the Russian Empire. Being discriminated in the Khanate, Cossacks gladly accepted the offer to return and build another Sich in close proximity to the former Chortomlyk Sich. This was the last Sich which was banned in 1775 by the Government of Catherine the Great. It was the end of the war between the Russian and Ottoman Empires, for possession of the steppes near the Black Sea and Crimea. Russia's government needed no more service from the Zaporozhian Cossacks for protection of the borders in that area. A minority of the Cossacks (about 5 thousand) left Zaporozhia to serve the Ottoman Empire at the mouth of the Danube River, where they founded Danube Sich. In 1780, after disbanding the Zaporozhian Cossack Host, General Grigorii Potemkin made an attempt to gather and reorganize the Cossacks on a voluntary basis to help defend Ukraine from the Turks and what was to be war with the Turks (1787 - 1791). He was able to gather almost 12,000 Cossacks and called them the Black Sea Cossacks. After the conflict was over, rather than allow the Cossacks to settle across Southern Ukraine, the Russian government began to resettle them on the Kuban. In 1860, they changed their name to the Kuban Cossacks. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zaporizhian Sich」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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